Introduction to Harvard
The Harvard style was first proposed in 1988 (Brown 1988; Brown and Greene 1988).
For the purpose of this exercise, Harvard refers to Flinders University of South Australia Library, Harvard Referencing Guide, [2001, Aug. 20].
Overview
For a more detailed explanation see the http://www.lib.flinders.edu.au/resources/sub/healthsci/referencing/contents.html
When referring to an author's work, the author's surname and the year of publication are placed in the text in parentheses. There is no punctuation between the surname and the year of publication. The references are never put into footnotes.
Monash University gives some useful rules
- The second and subsequent lines in a citation are indented to illustrate the alphabetical arrangement.
- All significant words in the book titles are capitalised; minimal capitalisation is used for journal titles.
- The date appears after the author rather than the end of the citation as in the Vancouver scheme.
- Journal and book titles are italicised. (However, underlining would be permitted if italics were not available).
- The titles of the journals may be abbreviated according to the style used in Index Medicus .... A list is also available from the National Library of Medicine's WWW site at URL: http://www.nlm.nih.gov . Alternatively, you can consult the World List of Scientific Periodicals (BRef 016.505 W927/4).
General Purpose of the Harvard Style Guide
Often used for research in business and social sciences, health and medicine.
Citing
Citing author, date and page numbers in the flow of the text
A. General reference
Carrington argued this (1979).
This was argued throughout the year of averages (Carrington 1979).
According to Carrington (1979), this was argued throughout the year of averages.
B. Specific reference
According to Carrington (1979, p. 17), this was argued throughout the year of averages.
Citing author, date and page numbers in direct quotes
"The dealers in Wall Street argued this throughout the year of averages" (Carrington 1979, p. 17).
Citing a range of pages
(Carrington 1979, pp. 17-19)
Citing volume and page numbers
(Carrington 1979, vol. 1, p. 17)
Citing a work with two authors
(Gramsci and Marrington 1999)
Citing a work with three authors
(Poobar, Lyttle, and Dunkim 1999)
Citing a work with more than three authors
(Drinkham et al. 1971)
Citing an author who has written multiple works in the year
(Carrington 1979a) (Carrington 1979b) ... (Carrington 1979z)
Note: Include the letter in the bibliography as well.
Citing authors with the same surname
(Carrington, D. 1979) (Carrington, D.E. 1979)
Citing books without authors
Use the title as if it were the name of the author
(A history of smells 1994)
Citing articles without authors
Use the reference as if it were the name of the author
(The Sydney Morning Herald 12 July. 2001, p. 12)
Citing books without authors but published by an organization
Use the name of the organization as if it were the name of the author
(CSIRO 1996)
Bibliography (≡Reference List)
When to use Reference List
Any item that has a citation in the text of the paper should be included in the reference list at the end of the paper.
When to use Bibliography
If the list includes sources not cited in the text it should be called a bibliography.
Structure of the List Item
Any reference which exceeds more than one line in length should have the subsequent lines indented.
Sequence of List Items
The references should be arranged alphabetically by their author. Within each author, the items should be arranged in date order. Within date the items should be arranged alphabetically (1999a).
Book
| Format: |
| Author name Year of Publication, Book Title, Publisher, Place of Publication. |
Single Author
Carrington, D.E.1979, Exciting Downtown Odours, Harcourt, Sydney.
Three Authors
Poobar, H., Lyttle, R. and Dunkim, H.R. 1999, A Little Nose: A Story of Faith and Hope, Penguin Books, New York.
More than Three Authors
Drinkham, G. et al. 1971, On the Nose, International Publishers, Sydney.
Edited Work
Gramsci, L. (ed.) 1994, The Last Smell, Blake & Wyndham, London.
Multivolume Work
Carrington, D.E.1979, Exciting Downtown Odours, 3 vols, Harcourt, Sydney.
Edition other than first
Carrington, D.E.1979, Exciting Downtown Odours, 4th edn, Harcourt, Sydney.
Article in a book
| Format: |
|
Author Year of publication, 'Article title', in Book Title, ed. Editor, Publisher, Place of Publication, article pages. |
Ho, P. 1998, 'Old time smells', in Essays on Eastern Fantasy, ed. J. Marigold, Harcourt, New York, pp. 23-33.
Annual Reports
Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd 1998, Annual Report 1997-98, Coca-Cola Amatil, Sydney.
Government Publications
Australian Bureau of Statistics 1997, Government Finance Statistics 1995-96, Cat. No. 5512.0, ABS, Canberra.
Conference paper in published proceedings
Riley, D. 1992, 'Industrial relations in Australian education' in Contemporary Australasian Industrial Relations: Proceedings of the Sixth AIRAANZ Conference, ed. D. Blackmur, AIRAANZ, Sydney, pp. 124-140.
Theses
Boykett, T.H.H. 1996, Algebraic aspects of reversible computation, PhD thesis, University of Western Australia.
CD-ROM
| Format: |
| Author(s) Year of publication, Title, [CD-ROM], Edition, Publisher, Place of Publication. |
Economic Intelligence Unit 1998, Investing, Licensing, and Trading, [CD-ROM], Economic Intelligence Unit, London.
Articles - in print and electronic
Article in a journal
| Format: |
|
Author(s) of article. Year of Publication, 'Article title', Journal Title, volume, issue, article pages. |
Craner, P.M. 1999, 'Impact of smells on art: new ways of smelling the old.' Poetry Today, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 205-12.
Conley, T.G. and Galenson, D.W. 1998, 'Nativity and wealth in mid-nineteenth century cities', Journal of Economic History, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 468-493.
Article in a newspaper with a known author
| Format: |
|
Author(s) of article Year of publication, 'Article title', Newspaper Title, day and month of publication, page. |
James, W. 2001, 'Patrick Ho comes out of the cold.' Sydney Morning Herald, 12 July, p. 12.
Ryan, D. 1998, 'Looking on the bright side', The Age (Melbourne), 24 July, p. 17.
Article in a newspaper with no obvious author
| Format: |
| Newspaper Title day month and year of publication, page. |
Financial Review 23 Jan.1987, p. 6.
Article from an electronic database
| Format: |
| Author(s) of article Year of publication, 'Article title', Journal Title, [Electronic or CD-ROM], volume, issue, article pages. Available: Supplier: Database name/id if available [Access date]. |
Hawke, A. 1998, 'The changing face of Australian industrial relations', Economic Record [Electronic], Vol. 74, no. 224, pp. 74-88. Available: Proquest: ABI/Inform [1999, Aug. 24].
'Right idea, wrong decade?', 2000, The Guardian, [Electronic], 7 August. Available: Dow Jones Interactive [2000, Dec. 13].
Indirect quotation
To cite material not taken from the original source but obtained through an intermediate source the reference is as follows:
Haselby, P. 1999, 'The panic of 1979', quoted in Kickett, D. 2000, Worker on the Edge, University Press, Sydney, p. 72.
World Wide Web
No standard method for citing electronic sources of information has yet been agreed upon. This method is based on the style outlined in Electronic styles: a handbook for citing electronic information by Xia Li and Nancy B. Crane.
| Format: |
|
Author of webpage Last update or copyright date, Homepage Title [Homepage of...], [Online]. Available: URL [Access date]. |
U. S. Department of Commerce 1999, September 3-last update, Indonesia Economic Trends and Outlook [Homepage of TradePort International Trade], [Online]. Available: http://www.tradeport.org/ts/countries/indonesia/trends.html [2000, Nov. 18 ].
If the author or editor is not available:
| Format: |
|
Homepage Title [Homepage of...], [Online]. Last update or copyright date. Available: URL [Access date]. |
Indonesia Economic Trends and Outlook [Homepage of TradePort International Trade], [Online]. 1999, September 3-last update. Available: http://www.tradeport.org/ts/countries/indonesia/trends.html [2000, Nov. 18].
Annotated Bibliography
| Format: |
| Appropriate bibliographic reference
Narrative account of the work including such matters as Topic; Purpose and Audience; Scope; Outline; Sources; Bibliographic Form; Organization; Additional Features (indexes, annotations, library locations of works cited, and numbering of entries); Preliminaries (or Front Matter); Accuracy; Timeliness; Layout; Qualifications (of the compiler); and Promotion of the Publication. |