Introduction to Traditional

The Traditional style was first proposed in <>.

For the purpose of this exercise, Traditional refers to <>.

Overview

For a more detailed explanation see the 

The traditional style is dominated by footnotes. When referring to an author's work, usually a numerical superscript is used, usually referring to a footnote at the bottom of the page. Sometimes a superscript refers to an endnote. Often the endnote style uses a different form of numerical reference (such as lowercase roman numerals) to differentiate it from the standard style of superscript. In the first reference to the author in a footnote or endnote, the author's full name and the full title of the work are included, followed by the publisher and the year of publication in parentheses, followed by page references. Subsequent references to this work do not require full referencing like this and use agreed shorthand references to the work, such as the latin op cit (meaning "in the work cited") and ibid (meaning "in the same work"). By 'full name' we mean the name as it appears in the work. All significant words in the book titles are capitalised. Journal and book titles are underlined. Article titles are capitalised and surrounded by inverted commas. They may also be italicised.

General Purpose of the Traditional Style Guide

Often used for research in history, historiography, philosophy and social sciences.

Citing

Citing author, date and page numbers in the footnotes or endnotes. No citing in the flow of the text. Reference is by superscript.

First Reference

Book

Format:

Author Name:  Book Title (Publisher, Place of Publication, Year of Publication)

Single Author

David E.Carrington: Exciting Downtown Odours (Harcourt, Sydney,1979) p.9

Three Authors

Harry Poobar,  R. Lyttle, and Henrietta R. Dunkim: A Little Nose: A Story of Faith and Hope (Penguin Books, New York,1999) pp.14-15

More than Three Authors

G. Drinkham (et al):  On the Nose (International Publishers, Sydney,1971) p.16

Edited Work

L.Gramsci (ed.): The Last Smell (Blake & Wyndham, London,1994) p.1

Multivolume Work

David E.Carrington: Exciting Downtown Odours (3 vols) (Harcourt, Sydney,1979)

Edition other than first

David E.Carrington: Exciting Downtown Odours (4th edn)  (Harcourt, Sydney,1979) p.189

Article in a book

Format:

Author: "Article title" in  Editor (ed): Book Title (Publisher, Place of Publication, Year of publication) article pages

P. Ho: "Old Time Smells", in J. Marigold (ed): Essays on Eastern Fantasy (Harcourt, New York,1998) pp.23-33.

Annual Reports

Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd: Annual Report 1997-98 (Coca-Cola Amatil, Sydney,1998)

Government Publications

Australian Bureau of Statistics: Government Finance Statistics 1995-96 (Cat. No. 5512.0) (ABS, Canberra. 1997)

Conference paper in published proceedings

D. Riley: "Industrial Relations in Australian Education" in D. Blackmur (ed): Contemporary Australasian Industrial Relations: Proceedings of the Sixth AIRAANZ Conference (AIRAANZ, Sydney,1992) pp. 124-140

Thesis

T.H.H. Boykett: Algebraic Aspects of Reversible Computation (PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia,1996)

Subsequent Reference

Book

Format:

shorthand or shorthand page number or Author Name:  Shorthand page number

In the same place (meaning a reference identical to the one above)

ibid.

In the work just cited (meaning a reference identical to the one above except that the page number is different)

op cit. p.9

In the last work cited by this author

David E.Carrington: op cit. p.9

Bibliography

When to use Bibliography

Always use a bibliography.

What to include in the Bibliography

Any reference in any footnote must be included in the bibliography. You may also include works not included in footnotes if they played a part in the work. Often, when there are a lot of these extra works, there is considered to be a real reason to include an annotated bibliography.

Sequence of List Items

The references should be arranged alphabetically by their author. Within each author, the items should be arranged in date order. Within date the items should be arranged alphabetically (1999a).

Book

Format:

Author Name:  Book Title (Publisher, Place of Publication, Year of Publication)

Single Author

Carrington, David E.: Exciting Downtown Odours (Harcourt, Sydney,1979)

Three Authors

Poobar, Harry,  R. Lyttle, and Henrietta R. Dunkim: A Little Nose: A Story of Faith and Hope (Penguin Books, New York,1999)

More than Three Authors

Drinkham G. (et al):  On the Nose (International Publishers, Sydney,1971)

Edited Work

Gramsci, L.(ed.): The Last Smell (Blake & Wyndham, London,1994)

Multivolume Work

Carrington, David E.: Exciting Downtown Odours (3 vols) (Harcourt, Sydney,1979)

Edition other than first

Carrington, David E.: Exciting Downtown Odours (4th edn)  (Harcourt, Sydney,1979)

Article in a book

Format:

Author: "Article title" in  Editor (ed): Book Title (Publisher, Place of Publication, Year of publication) article pages

Ho, P.: "Old Time Smells", in J. Marigold (ed): Essays on Eastern Fantasy (Harcourt, New York,1998) pp.17-33.

Annual Reports

Coca-Cola Amatil Ltd: Annual Report 1997-98 (Coca-Cola Amatil, Sydney,1998)

Government Publications

Australian Bureau of Statistics: Government Finance Statistics 1995-96 (Cat. No. 5512.0) (ABS, Canberra. 1997)

Conference paper in published proceedings

Riley, D.: "Industrial relations in Australian education" in D. Blackmur (ed): Contemporary Australasian Industrial Relations: Proceedings of the Sixth AIRAANZ Conference (AIRAANZ, Sydney,1992) pp. 124-140

Thesis

Boykett, T.H.H.: Algebraic Aspects of Reversible Computation (PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia,1996)

CD-ROM

Format:

Author(s):  Title [CD-ROM] (Edition, Publisher, Place of Publication, Year of publication)

Economic Intelligence Unit: Investing, Licensing, and Trading [CD-ROM] (Economic Intelligence Unit, London,1998)

 

Articles - in print and electronic

Article in a journal

Format:

Author(s) of article: "Article title" in Journal Title (Volume, Issue, Year of Publication) article pages

Craner, P.M.: "Impact of Smells on Art: New Ways of Smelling the Old" in Poetry Today (Vol. 29, No. 4, 1999) pp. 205-12

Conley, T.G. and D.W. Galenson:  "Nativity and Wealth in Mid-Nineteenth Century Cities" in Journal of Economic History (Vol. 58, No. 2, 1998)  pp. 468-493.

Article in a newspaper with a known author

Format:

Author(s) of article: "Article title" in Newspaper Title (day and month of publication, Year of publication) page

James, W.: "Patrick Ho Comes Out of the Cold" in Sydney Morning Herald (12 July, 2001) p.12

Ryan, D. 1998, 'Looking on the bright side', The Age (Melbourne), 24 July, p. 17.

Article in a newspaper with no obvious author

Format:

Newspaper Title (day month and year of publication) page

Financial Review (23 Jan,1987) p.6

Article from an electronic database

Format:

Author(s) of article: "Article title" in Journal Title [Electronic or CD-ROM] (volume, issue, Year of publication) article pages Available: Supplier: Database name/id if available [Access date].

Hawke, A.: "The Changing Face of Australian Industrial Relations" in Economic Record [Electronic] (Vol. 74, No. 224, 1998) pp. 74-88. Available: Proquest: ABI/Inform [Aug. 24, 1999]

"Right Idea, Wrong Decade?"  in The Guardian [Electronic] (7 August, 2000) Available: Dow Jones Interactive [Dec. 13, 2000]

Indirect quotation

To cite material not taken from the original source but obtained through an intermediate source the reference is as follows:

Haselby, P: "The Panic of 1979" (1999) quoted in D. Kickett: Worker on the Edge (University Press, Sydney, 2000) p.72

World Wide Web

Format:

Author of webpage Last update or copyright date, Homepage Title [Homepage of...], [Online]. Available: URL [Access date].

No standard method for citing electronic sources of information has yet been agreed upon. This method is based on the style outlined in Electronic styles: a handbook for citing electronic information by Xia Li and Nancy B. Crane.

U. S. Department of Commerce 1999, September 3-last update, Indonesia Economic Trends and Outlook [Homepage of TradePort International Trade], [Online]. Available: http://www.tradeport.org/ts/countries/indonesia/trends.html [2000, Nov. 18 ].

If the author or editor is not available:

Format:

Homepage Title [Homepage of...], [Online]. Last update or copyright date. Available: URL [Access date].

Indonesia Economic Trends and Outlook [Homepage of TradePort International Trade], [Online]. (Last update: September 3,1999) Available: http://www.tradeport.org/ts/countries/indonesia/trends.html [Nov. 18, 2000]

Annotated Bibliography

Format:

Appropriate bibliographic reference Narrative account of the work including such matters as Topic; Purpose and Audience; Scope; Outline; Sources; Bibliographic Form; Organization; Additional Features (indexes, annotations, library locations of works cited, and numbering of entries); Preliminaries (or Front Matter); Accuracy; Timeliness; Layout; Qualifications (of the compiler); and Promotion of the Publication.